Burger H.-M., Lombard M.J., Shephard G.S., Danster-Christians N., Gelderblom W.C.
Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; School of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences: Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Department Agricultural and Food Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa
Burger, H.-M., Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa; Lombard, M.J., School of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences: Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Shephard, G.S., Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa; Danster-Christians, N., Department Agricultural and Food Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa; Gelderblom, W.C., Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, South Africa
The differential risk of exposure to fumonisin (FB), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEA) mycotoxins to the South African population, residing in the nine Provinces was assessed during a cross-sectional grain consumer survey. The relative per capita maize intake (g/day) was stratified by gender, ethnicity, and Province and the probable daily intake (PDI) for each mycotoxin (ng/kg body weight/day) calculated utilizing SPECIAL and SUPER dry milled maize fractions representing different exposure scenarios. Men consumed on an average more maize (173 g/day) than women (142 g/day) whereas the black African ethnic group had the highest intake (279 g/day) followed by the Colored group (169 g/day) with the Asian/Indian and White groups consuming lower quantities of 101 and 80 g/day, respectively. The estimated mean PDIs for the various subgroups and Provinces, utilizing the different dry milled maize fractions, were below the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) for each mycotoxin. A distinct and more sensitive mycotoxin risk assessment model (MYCORAM) for exposure, stratified by Province and ethnicity were developed utilizing specific maize intake increments (g/kg body weight/day) that provides information on the percentage of the population exposed above the PMTDI for each mycotoxin. Evaluation of the MYCORAM utilizing commercial and experimentally derived SPECIAL milling fractions, containing predefined mycotoxins levels, predicts the percentage of maize consumers exposed above the respective PMTDI. Safety modeling using the MYCORAM could also predict a maximum tolerated level adequate to safeguard all South African maize consumers including the most vulnerable groups. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved.
fumonisin; vomitoxin; zearalenone; fumonisin; trichothecene derivative; vomitoxin; zearalenone; adult; aged; Article; body weight; controlled study; cross-sectional study; environmental exposure; ethnic difference; female; food frequency questionnaire; food safety; human; maize; major clinical study; male; nutritional assessment; patient safety; risk assessment; sex difference; South African; adolescent; comparative study; demography; eating; ethnic group; ethnology; feeding behavior; food control; food handling; microbiology; middle aged; questionnaire; risk factor; South America; very elderly; young adult; Zea mays; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Weight; Cross-Sectional Studies; Eating; Ethnic Groups; Female; Food Habits; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Fumonisins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Questionnaires; Residence Characteristics; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; South America; Trichothecenes; Young Adult; Zea mays; Zearalenone
