Briere E.C., Ryman T.K., Cartwright E., Russo E.T., Wannemuehler K.A., Nygren B.L., Kola S., Sadumah I., Ochieng C., Watkins M.L., Quick R.
Global WASH Epidemiology Team, Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch (WDPB), Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases (DBFMD), 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Safe Water and AIDS Project, Kisumu, Kenya
Briere, E.C., Global WASH Epidemiology Team, Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch (WDPB), Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases (DBFMD), 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Ryman, T.K., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Cartwright, E., Global WASH Epidemiology Team, Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch (WDPB), Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases (DBFMD), 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Russo, E.T., Global WASH Epidemiology Team, Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch (WDPB), Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases (DBFMD), 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Wannemuehler, K.A., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Nygren, B.L., Global WASH Epidemiology Team, Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch (WDPB), Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases (DBFMD), 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States; Kola, S., Safe Water and AIDS Project, Kisumu, Kenya; Sadumah, I., Safe Water and AIDS Project, Kisumu, Kenya; Ochieng, C., Safe Water and AIDS Project, Kisumu, Kenya; Watkins, M.L., Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Quick, R., Global WASH Epidemiology Team, Waterborne Diseases Prevention Branch (WDPB), Division of Foodborne, Bacterial, and Mycotic Diseases (DBFMD), 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
Integration of immunizations with hygiene interventions may improve use of both interventions. We interviewed 1361 intervention and 1139 comparison caregivers about hygiene practices and vaccination history, distributed water treatment and hygiene kits to caregivers during infant vaccination sessions in intervention clinics for 12 months, and conducted a followup survey of 2361 intervention and 1033 comparison caregivers. We observed significant increases in reported household water treatment (30% vs 44%, P <. 0001) and correct handwashing technique (25% vs 51%, P <. 0001) in intervention households and no changes in comparison households. Immunization coverage improved in both intervention and comparison infants (57% vs 66%, P =. 04; 37% vs 53%, P <. 0001, respectively). Hygiene kit distribution during routine immunizations positively impacted household water treatment and hygiene without a negative impact on vaccination coverage. Further study is needed to assess hygiene incentives, implement alternative water quality indicators, and evaluate the impact of this intervention in other settings. © 2012 The Author. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved.
