Shumbusho F., Van Griensven J., Lowrance D., Turate I., Weaver M.A., Price J., Binagwaho A.
Family Health International, Kigali, Rwanda; TRACPlus - Center for Infectious Disease Control, Kigali, Rwanda; Family Health International, Durham, NC, United States; Rwanda National AIDS Control Commission, Kigali, Rwanda
Shumbusho, F., Family Health International, Kigali, Rwanda; Van Griensven, J., Family Health International, Kigali, Rwanda; Lowrance, D., TRACPlus - Center for Infectious Disease Control, Kigali, Rwanda; Turate, I., Family Health International, Kigali, Rwanda; Weaver, M.A., Family Health International, Durham, NC, United States; Price, J., Family Health International, Kigali, Rwanda; Binagwaho, A., Rwanda National AIDS Control Commission, Kigali, Rwanda
Background: The shortage of human resources for health, and in particular physicians, is one of the major barriers to achieve universal access to HIV care and treatment. In September 2005, a pilot program of nurse-centered antiretroviral treatment (ART) prescription was launched in three rural primary health centers in Rwanda. We retrospectively evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of this task-shifting model using descriptive data. Methods and Findings:Medical records of 1,076 patients enrolled in HIV care and treatment services from September 2005 to March 2008 were reviewed to assess: (i) compliance with national guidelines for ART eligibility and prescription, and patient monitoring and (ii) key outcomes, such as retention, body weight, and CD4 cell count change at 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo after ART initiation. Of these, no ineligible patients were started on ART and only one patient received an inappropriate ART prescription. Of the 435 patients who initiated ART, the vast majority had adherence and side effects assessed at each clinic visit (89% and 84%, respectively). By March 2008, 390 (90%) patients were alive on ART, 29 (7%) had died, one (<1%) was lost to follow-up, and none had stopped treatment. Patient retention was about 92% by 12 mo and 91% by 24 mo. Depending on initial stage of disease, mean CD4 cell count increased between 97 and 128 cells/ml in the first 6 mo after treatment initiation and between 79 and 129 cells/ml from 6 to 24 mo of treatment. Mean weight increased significantly in the first 6 mo, between 1.8 and 4.3 kg, with no significant increases from 6 to 24 mo. Conclusions:Patient outcomes in our pilot program compared favorably with other ART cohorts in sub-Saharan Africa and with those from a recent evaluation of the national ART program in Rwanda. These findings suggest that nurses can effectively and safely prescribe ART when given adequate training, mentoring, and support. © 2009 Shumbusho et al.
antiretrovirus agent; cotrimoxazole; efavirenz; lamivudine plus nevirapine plus stavudine; lamivudine plus nevirapine plus zidovudine; anti human immunodeficiency virus agent; adult; article; body weight; CD4 lymphocyte count; female; health care delivery; health program; human; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; major clinical study; male; medical record review; nurse; outcome assessment; patient care; patient compliance; patient monitoring; physician; prescription; rural health care; Rwanda; unspecified side effect; cohort analysis; drug utilization; evaluation; feasibility study; health care quality; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; medical audit; middle aged; nurse attitude; nursing practice; organization and management; pilot study; practice guideline; retrospective study; Rwanda; theoretical model; treatment outcome; Adult; Anti-HIV Agents; Cohort Studies; Drug Prescriptions; Drug Utilization; Feasibility Studies; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Medical Audit; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Nurse's Practice Patterns; Nurse's Role; Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care); Patient Compliance; Pilot Projects; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Program Evaluation; Retrospective Studies; Rural Health Services; Rwanda
